Windhoek (pronounced /.v.nth.k/, sometimes in German: Windhuk) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Namibia. It is located in central Namibia in the Khomas Highland plateau area around 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) above sea level. The 2001 census determined Windhoek's population was 233,529. A population influx from all over Namibia has caused researchers to estimate the figure to be well over 300,000.

Due to its relative size Windhoek is even more than other capitals the social, economic, and cultural centre of the country. Virtually every national enterprise has its headquarters here. The University of Namibia is here, as is the country's only theatre, most of Namibia's governmental institutions, and all major media bodies.[citation needed] City of Windhoek's budget nearly equals that of all other Namibian local authorities combined.

Etymology
The city of Windhoek is traditionally known by two names: /Ai//Gams, (Khoekhoe: hot springs) and Otjomuise (Otjiherero: place of steam). Both traditional names reference the hot springs near today's city centre.

Theories vary on how the place got its modern name of Windhoek. Most believe the name Windhoek is derived from the Afrikaans word Wind-Hoek (windy corner). Another theory suggests that Captain Jan Jonker Afrikaner named Windhoek after the Winterhoek Mountains, at Tulbagh in South Africa, where his ancestors had lived.

Pre-colonial
In the 1840s Jonker Afrikaner, father of Jan Jonker Afrikaner, settled near one of the main hot springs, located in the present-day Klein Windhoek suburb. He built a stone church that held 500 people, which was also used as a school. Two Rhenish missionaries, Carl Hugo Hahn and Heinrich Kleinschmidt, started working there in the 1840s and were later succeeded by two Wesleyans, Richard Haddy and Joseph Tindall. Gardens were laid out and for a while Windhoek prospered, but wars between the Nama and Herero eventually destroyed the settlement. After a long absence, Hahn visited Windhoek again in 1873 and was dismayed to see that nothing remained of the town's former prosperity. In June 1885, a Swiss botanist found only jackals and starving guinea fowl amongst neglected fruit trees.

 
Sanderburg, one of the three castles of Windhoek Colonial era
In 1878, Britain annexed Walvis Bay and incorporated it into the Cape of Good Hope in 1884, but Britain did not extend its influence into the hinterland. A request by merchants from Lüderitzbucht resulted in the declaration of a German protectorate over German West Africa in 1884. The German colony came into being with the determination of its borders in 1890 and Germany sent a protective corps, called the Schutztruppe under Major Curt von François, to maintain order. Von François stationed his garrison at Windhoek, which was strategically situated as a buffer between the Nama and Herero, while the twelve strong springs provided water for the cultivation of food.

Present-day

Windhoek was founded on 18 October 1890, when Von François fixed the foundation stone of the fort, which is now known as the Alte Feste (Old Fortress). After 1907, development accelerated as people migrated from the countryside to the city. There was also a larger influx of European settlers arriving from Germany and South Africa. Businesses were erected on Kaiser Street, present Independence Avenue, and along the dominant mountain ridge over the city. At this time, Windhoeks three castles, Heinitzburg, Sanderburg, and Schwerinsburg were built.

Foreign administration after World War I
The German colonial era came to an end during World War I when South African troops occupied Windhoek in May 1915 on behalf of the British Empire. For the next five years, a military government administered South West Africa. Development of the city of Windhoek and the nation later to be known as Namibia came to a virtual standstill. After World War II, Windhoek's development gradually gained momentum, as more capital became available to improve the area's economic climate. After 1955, large public projects were undertaken, such as the building of new schools and hospitals, tarring of the city's roads (a project begun in 1928 with Kaiser Street), and the building of dams and pipelines to finally stabilize the water supply.It also introduced the World's first potable re-use plant in 1958, treating recycled sewage and sending it directly into the town's water supply.

Since Namibian independence
With Namibia's independence from South African administration in 1990, Windhoek was recognised as the capital city of South West Africa as administered by the South African government. It continues to be the capital city of the Republic of Namibia, as well as the provincial capital of the central Khomas Region. Since then the city experienced accelerated growth and development.

Geography
The city is the major commercial and financial center of Namibia. It sits on a sloping plain on the northern side of the Khomas Hochland (Khomas Highlands) at an altitude of 1,728 metres (5,669 ft).

Expanding the town area has – apart from financial restrictions – proven to be challenging due to its geographical location. In southern, eastern and western direction Windhoek is surrounded by rocky, mountainous areas which make land development costly. The southern side is not suitable for industrial development because of the presence of underground aquifers. This leaves the vast Brakwater area north of town the only feasible place for Windhoek's expansion.

Suburbs
Windhoek is divided into different suburbs:

Academia
Auasblick
Avis
Cimbebasia (Windhoek suburb)
Dorado Park
Eros (Windhoek suburb)
Eros Park
Goreangab
Hakahana
Hochland Park
Katutura
Khomasdal
Kleine Kuppe
Klein-Windhoek
Lafrenz Industrial Area
Ludwigsdorf
Luxury Hill
Northern Industrial
Olympia
Otjomuise
Pioneers Park
Prosperita
Rocky Crest
Southern Industrial
Suiderhof
Wanaheda
Windhoek Central
Windhoek North
Windhoek West
 Climate
Windhoek is situated in a semi-arid climatic region. Days are mostly warm with very hot days during the summer months, while nights are generally cool. The average annual temperature is 19.47 °C (67.05 °F), which is high for a site at such a high altitude on the edge of the tropics.[8] This is mainly due to the prevalence of a warm northerly airflow and the mountains to the south, which shelter the city from cold southerly winds.

The winter months of June, July and August usually experience little or no rain. Minimum temperatures range between 5 °C (41 °F) and 18 °C (64 °F). Nights are usually cool, although the temperature seldom drops below 0°C, and it almost never snows. Days are usually warm to hot, varying from a maximum of 20 °C (68 °F) in July to 31 °C (88 °F) in January.

Mean annual rainfall is around 360 millimetres (14 in), which is too low to support crops or gardens without heavy use of watering. The natural vegetation of the area is scrub and steppe. Droughts are a regular occurrence; dry and wet years run through a cycle that lasts around 10 years.
 

Demographics
In 1971, there were roughly 26,000 Whites living in Windhoek, outnumbering the Black population of 24,000 but no longer. About one third of Whites, 9,000, were Germans.

Windhoek's population currently[update] stands at over 300.000 (67 % blacks, 16 % whites, 17% coloureds, basters and asiatics) and grows by over 4% annually with the informal settlements growing at almost 10% per year.

 Economy
Air Namibia has its main office in the Trans Namib Building in Windhoek. Several shopping malls were built in the post-independence era, including Maerua Mall, and Wernhil Park Mall.

 Notable landmarks

Christ Church - A Lutheran church. Construction on the church was begun under Pastor Wilhelm Anz in April 1896. After the end of the wars between the Germans and the Khoikhoi, Herero, and Ovambo, it was dedicated as the Church of Peace in 1910. The Lutheran Church, which was built in the gothic revival style with Art Nouveau elements, stands in the historic center of Windhoek. Its 24 m high spire was made, like the rest of the church, out of quartz sandstone. The exception is the portal and the altar, which are made of marble. The colourful stained-glass windows in the sanctuary were a gift from Kaiser Wilhelm II. The Church is next to the Parliament Gardens and Tintenpalast.
St. Mary's Cathedral
Zoo Park - a public park on Independence Avenue in downtown Windhoek. The current park is landscaped and features a pond, children's playground and open-air theatre.
Tintenpalast - German for "Ink Palace", is the seat of both chambers of the Namibian legislature, the National Council and the National Assembly. It is located just north of Robert Mugabe Avenue, and was designed by the architect Gottlieb Redecker and built by the company Sander & Kock between 1912 and 1913 out of regional materials as an administration building for the German government, which colonised Namibia at the time. The building is surrounded by the Parliament Gardens.
Alte Feste- German for "Old Fortress". Built in 1890, today houses the National Museum
Supreme Court of Namibia
The three castles of Windhoek built by architect Wilhelm Sander: Heinitzburg, Sanderburg, and Schwerinsburg
National Library of Namibia
Windhoek Railway Station
Holy Cross Convent School - built in 1906
Daan Viljoen Game Reserve -situated near Windhoek
Windhoek Public Library - built in 1925, next to the Alte Feste

 Transport
 Rail
Windhoek is connected by rail to:

Okahandja (north)
Rehoboth (south)
Gobabis (east)
 Highways

In 1928, Kaiserstraße, now Independence Avenue, was the first paved road in Windhoek. Ten years later the next one, Gobabis road, now Sam Nujoma Drive, was also paved. Today out of ca. 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi) of Namibia's total road network, about 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) is sealed.

Windhoek's three main access roads from Rehoboth, Gobabis, and Okahandja are paved, and are designed to be able to withstand the largest possible flood to be expected in fifty years. Sealed roads can carry traffic moving at 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph) and should last for 20 years.

Taxis are available.

 Air transportation
Windhoek is served by two airports. The closest one is Eros 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) south of the city center for smaller craft, and Windhoek Hosea Kutako International Airport 42 kilometres (26 mi) east of the city. A number of foreign airlines operate to and from Windhoek. Air charters and helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft rentals are also available.

 Windhoek International Airport (WDH)
Windhoek Hosea Kutako International Airport, situated 45 kilometres outside Windhoek, handles well over 400,000 passengers a year. It has one runway without capacity limitations. Other international airports are located in Walvis Bay and Luderitz. It directly connects daily to Frankfurt. Southern Africa's hub, Johannesburg, is only a two-hour flight away, from where it is possible to connect to more than 50 cities. South African Airways, LTU, and Air Namibia all have daily flights to Windhoek International Airport, whilst TAAG Angola Airlines has bi-weekly turnarounds to Luanda.

 Eros Airport
Eros Airport is the busiest airport in Namibia in terms of take offs and landings.[citation needed] This city airport handles around 12,000 individual flights a year, the majority of which are light aircraft. Primarily, limitations such as runway length, noise, and air space congestion have kept Eros from developing into a larger airport. Most of Namibia's charter operators have Eros as their base.

 Sport

The city has several football clubs which include African Stars F.C., Black Africa F.C., F.C. Civics Windhoek, Orlando Pirates F.C., Ramblers F.C. and SK Windhoek.

Many boxers such as Paulus Moses, Paulus Ambunda and Abmerk Shindjuu are from the city.

 Education
 Tertiary Institutions
The higher educational institutions in Windhoek are:

Polytechnic of Namibia (PoN)
University of Namibia (UNAM)
International University of Management (IUM)
 Secondary schools
A Shipena
Deutsche Höhere Privatschule (DHPS)
Eldorado Secondary School
Immanuel Shifidi
Jan Jonker Afrikaner
Augustineum
Concordia College
David Bezuidenhout
Ella du Plessis
Goreangab
Academia
Jan Möhr Secondary School
Windhoek Technical High School
Dagbreek Centre for the handicapped
Eros School For Girls
Saint George's Diocesan College
Saint Paul's College
(Saint George's College and Saint Paul's College are both still attached to their respective primary schools)

Primary Schools
Gammams
Delta School
Herman Gmeiner
Namibia Primary School
Suiderhof Primary School
Theo Katjimuine School
Emma Hoogenhout
Moses van der Byl
Saint Barnabas
Theo Katjimuine School
Tobias Hainyeko Primary School
Van Rhyn
Cooperation agreements
Windhoek has cooperation agreements and partnerships with the following towns:

 Shanghai, since 1. June 1996
 Richmond, since 20. March 1998
 Wetzlar
 Berlin, since 18. April 2000
 Trossingen in Baden-Württemberg, since 3. October 2000
 Bremen, since 18. April 2000
 Douala, since 31. August 2000
 Harare, since 8. November 2000
 Gaborone, since 23. August 2001
 Havana, since 23. October 2001
 Eenhana, since 17. April 2002
 Ongwediva, since 17. April 2002
 Ondangwa, since17. April 2002
 Outapi, since 17. April 2002
 Oshakati, since 18. April 2002
 Lephalale, since 22. May 2002
 Vantaa, since 13. August 2002
 Walvis Bay, since 8. October 2002
 Mariental, since 11. March 2003
 Gibeon, since 11. March 2003
 Maltahöhe, since 12. April 2002
 Aranos, since 13. March 2003
 Stampriet, since 13. March 2003
 Rehoboth, since 14. March 2003
 Lüderitz, since 14. March 2003

Accomodation Available at :

• Scheidthof
• Pete's Place Self Catering
• Kalahari Sands Hotel
• Windhoek Lodge
• Hochland Nest
• Pension Moni Hotel
• Fourie's Nest
• OLIVE GROVE GUESTHOUSE
• Protea Hotel Furstenhof
• The Elegant B & B
• Guesthouse Terra Africa, Windhoek
• Villa Verdi
• HOCHLAND HAVEN GUESTHOUSE
• Pete's Regin Rest Cottage

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